WP 25-33 – This paper finds that the effect of 2020–21 school closures on parents’ hours worked was surprisingly small. How parents sustained their working time — using a mix of telework and informal child care — is a research priority.

WP 25-27 – Many economic policies have dynamic treatment effects. To help researchers understand what dynamics are plausible, we introduce two new tools to visualize uncertainty about dynamic effects.

WP 25-26 – The authors study how various labor market indicators can be used to assess the position of the labor market relative to maximum employment. The analysis is conducted as part of the Fed’s 2025 review of its monetary policy framework.